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Trypilska civilization. Copper Age

In the prehistoric past of Ukraine it is possible to find quite a bit of bright events and phenomena which defined subsequent history of the land. Appearance of Trypilska protocivilization, which left us in the inheritance numerous tracks of one of the oldest and the brightest agricultural civilizations of prehistoric Europe, became one of such episodes.
It existed for two thousand years - from the second half of the sixth to the first quarter of the third millennium B.C. According to the archaeological periodization this period is called the late Stone Age, Copper-Stone Age, or Copper Age in the Balkans and in Ukraine. The time of existence of the civilization of Trypilla, border of the IV–III millennium B.C., is referred to the early Bronze Age.
Nowadays antiques of the Trypilska civilization are known in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine. Traces of this old civilization are found in the area ranging from the Carpathians in the west to the Middle Dniester in the east, from Volhynia in the north to the coast of the Black sea in the south.
The Trypilska civilization in the VI–III millennium B.C. was an essential part of the civilization of Old Europe, its eastern outpost. In the IV millennium B.C. on the territory inhabited by the transmitters of the Trypilska civilization, arose the biggest in Europe of that time settlements-protocities, and this region became one of the most developed on a continent for a thousand years.
The achievements of the Trypilians in the industry of handicrafts — metal-working and ceramics — are astonishing. Knowledge about blacksmith’s treatment of copper, the modes of heat treatment and casting in some aspects do not yield to the modern level of knowledge in this industry. The Trypilians introduced the rotary tool in the ceramics, two-tier furnaces for the burning-out of the pottery.
Antiques represented in the collection enables to make the comprehensive picture of the world of the Trypilska civilization and of the people who created it on the territory of Ukraine in VI–III thousand B.C.
This is pottery, the anthropomorphous and zoomorphic plastic arts, the models of temples, the instruments and the weapon, made of copper, stone, bones. Some wares are unique and do not have analogues among the finds done for the last hundred years of research of sights of Trypilla.
The models of buildings made of clay, dated by the end of the V — beginning of the IV millennium B.C., are the standards of the cults wares, which could be used during the ceremonies related to building. The features of architecture and exceptional riches of their finishing allow assuming that before us are the models of old temples. To these buildings, and also to symbolism which decorates them, analogies are found in the old architecture of Mesopotamia and Egypt of V–II millennium B.C. Without overstatement, they can change the permanent picture of architecture of the time of Copper Age on the territory of Ukraine.
The oldest wares are decorated with a mortise ornamental pattern and incrustation, and the latest — the accomplished painting one or two paints. Ceramic wares demonstrate the development of handicraft trade and the evolution of the artistic styles during three thousand years on lands from the Dniesterin in the west to the Dniperin in the east. 

Pear shaped peace of plate
Pear shaped peace of plate

End of V – beg. of IV cent. B.C.  Pottery: plastics, engobe, decrepitation. Height 33 cm, diameter 28,5 cm. Inv.No PCP 4.

Pear shaped peace of plate, without neck, with round hole of orifice and two horizontal ears located near it. The surface is arrayed with curve-line deepened décor in view of belt consisted of three chutes, which create on the shoulders four double delineation of snakes. An article is divided in two parts by horizontal cincture with four clay sculpts. Shaded background in deltoid interspaces between the pictures of snakes is filled by tear-shaped figures. The surface before the decrepitation was engobed. 

Pear shaped peace of plate
Pear shaped peace of plate

First half of V cent. B.C. Pottery: plastics, decrepitation. Height 14,7 cm, diameter 20,2x22 cm. Inv.No PCP 6.

Pear shaped peace of plate, without neck, with cut and little strained diadems. Four conic brows with vertical holes are located on the shoulders. Around the ears, an article is arrayed with décor by way of four petals of the flower, inscribed in circle. The surface is decorated by deepened gyre belts with cross dents, crumpled round the ears. Shaded background in interspaces is impregnated by drop-form figures, on which a white dope had persisted.

Binocular-form piece of plate
Binocular-form piece of plate

4400-4200 years B.C. Pottery: plastics, deepened ornamentation. Height 26,2 cm, length 27x27,5cm, diameter 12cm. Inv.No PCP 47.

Binocular-form piece of plate by way of two bagged faucets, connected with three jumpers. Each faucet is a conic bowl situated on the high conic pallet, which is narrowing to the top. Upper archwise jumper connects the corollas of bowls; middle one is flat with deltoid brow on the top; down one is the shortest, straight, rounded in the cut, it connects pallets little upper the base. The surface is arrayed with deepen décor by way of the belts, made by horizontal fillet. 

Bailer
Bailer

V cent. B.C. Pottery: plastics, engobe. Length 21,5 cm, diameter 7,6 cm. Inv.No PCP 41.

Bailer consists of hemispheric spoon and long mount, which has figural end by way of triangles and end-to-end hole. The mount in cut has oval form

Model of the fane
Model of the fane

4100 – 3900 years B.C. Pottery: plastics, engobe, painting with mineral dyes. Height 31 cm, width 32,7 cm. Inv.No PCP 29. 

Model is ceramic. It depicts monumental lavishly decorated building, fane of a surety, staying on the platform, which is situated on four massive pier-columns. The model is agglutinated from fragments, lost parts are filled with gyps and toned, lost elements of painting were partly repaired. The surface was covered with light-brown engobe, painting was inserted with dark-brown color. Exterior sides of platform contain notable traces of sculpting an item – bracing of the walls through the perimeter. Numerous dactyl grams of master had persisted on the surface. Feet are constricted to the center. The platform with a thickness in 1 cm is arrayed through perimeter with bevel painted lines. The building has rounded roof, which is decorated on the top of attic with cusps. Arches of the fronts are decorated with paintings of ribbon, created with wide and narrow lines. Three not very big clay sculpts are located on the every arch – one in the centre and two of them are situated on the sides little bellow. 

Painted dish
Painted dish

IV cent. B.C. Pottery: plastics, engobe, decrepitation, painting.  Height 7,1 cm, diameter 22,5 cm.Inv.No PCP 28.

Painted dish with s-form profile. Corollas from inside are little deflected. Painting, which was inserted with the dye of dark- and light-brown color on cooted surface, duplex, consists of décor horizontal belts and deltoid segments. Ornamental composition made from archwise lines, which create eight and ovals is located in bottom part of the trunk.

Statuette of a man
Statuette of a man

3600-3400 years B.C. Pottery: plastics, decrepitation.Height 15,6 cm, width 5,3x6,3 cm. Inv.No PCP 11.

Statuette of a man, massive, with two widely disposed, differently sculpted bottom limbs, which are finished with big feet. Other parts of the trunk are imaged in diagram form: the body is massive cylindrical, waist, abdomen and hams are not defined exactly, arms are depicted by way of half-round outgrowth, diluted and outstretched ahead. Feature of sex is treated by double clay sculpt. The neck is wide and strong, head is orbed with flat pate. On the inverse sides of head ears are depicted by the fosses. The face is realistic, with a big nose and opened blobber-lipped mouse. The eyes are defined with pricks.

The model of sled
The model of sled

4300-4100 years B.C. Pottery: plastics, decrepitation. Height 6,2 cm, length 9,2 cm, width 4,7 cm. Inv.No PCP 48.

The model of sled is made of by a narrow margin lumpy clay mass with adding of shamus. The decrepitating is qualitative. It is a middle-size item, quite conditionally images the sled. Pannier is oval in the plan, deepen. The runners are rounded ahead, with grubby modeled holes. Top part of pannier and runners are decorated with chains, created by deep fosses.

Ceramic phallus
Ceramic phallus

4500-3000 years B.C.Pottery: plastics, squeeze, imagery. Height 6,3 cm, length 16 cm. Inv.No PCP 49.

Ceramic phallus, decorated with incut gyre ornament and imageries of wand. The region of eggs is modeled by way of a little dish. The chok is situated under the middle part. It is a flat pile, a little broaden to the bottom.

Fane model
Fane model

4200-4000 years B.C.Pottery: plastics, engobe, ornamentation. Height 29x29,5x30 cm, length 45cm, width 27cm. Inv.No PCP 65

Ceramic model. Conditionally depicts orthogonal in he plan building, verisimilar a fane. The building is allocated on the not high platform, which hang upon six feet. The roof has frontons on the faces which are crowned with a horizontal images of moon, suggesting the bull horns. The surface of the model was painted in red earlier and the cut lines of ornament were filled with white dope. The entrance is decorated with high arch, arrayed cut images of five symbolic harriers. Each of them consists of two bows. These images are allocated symmetrically: two on the left and two on the right from entrance and one is on the top. Besides in the interspaces between harriers four clay sculpts are allocated. Walls of the fane are built on equal platforms. Each of them contains clay sculpts by way of three figural columns. In its turn every column has its conic top, underlined with little pit. The interspaces between the columns are filled with double designed images of snakes, made by cut lines. Face wall has a cut rounded window, arrayed with a circle with deltoid ornamental compositions.

Dish
Dish

4200 – 4000 years B.C. Pottery: plastics, decorating, decrepitating. Height 21,3x24,2 cm, diameter 51 cm.

 

Biconic dish of closed type with figural handle on the corollas incurved inwards. Its bottom part has cut-conic form and top part has hemispherical one. Two rounded brows are located on corollas. The figural anthrop zoomorphic ribbon handle, which is lifted to orifice with a longed arris in the middle is on the one of them. On the lifted end of the handle two clay sculpts are made (only one exists). An item is made of white clay. Before the decrepitating it was covered with engobe of orange color, which now doesn’t exist. The pattern by way of oval with a dot, forced into the center is located on the inverse side of the handle. General décor composition, inserted on the top of the piece of plate has two cross ribbons. Each of them is made by four incut parallel lines.

 

  

Oval dish
Oval dish

4000 year B.C. Pottery: plastics, engobe, decrepitating, painting. Height 14,5 cm, length 24,5 cm, width 25,5 cm. Inv.No PCP 57.

Deep dish with orthogonal form, straight corollas and flat bottom. All surface is ornamented. Horizontal circle of sinuous pattern is situated on corollas. The belts on the body are ornamented, horizontal, vertical, skew and archwise. Zoomorphic pictures are inserted on the inside surface of the sides. Painting is made with dyes of dark- and light-brown color.

Spherical amphora
Spherical amphora

Second half of IV cent. B.C.Pottery: plastics, engobe, painting. Height 18 cm, diameter 18,5 cm. Inv.No PCP 71.

Spherical amphora, middle form, with short neck, deflected from inside corollas, bossy body, conic palette part and with symmetrically allocated two handles with end-to-end holes. Two belts of zigzags are under the corollas. Painting with dark- and light-brown dye is made on the body. This created two-level composition. Bottom level is filled with tagents by way of ovals and skew ribbons. Top level is divided with ornament belts into six areas. Every area contains archwise festoon, created by parallel lines. Outside teeth are allocated under corolla and the ovals from inside.

Disk-like item
Disk-like item

4000 year B.C. Pottery: plastics, ornamenting. Height 4,4 cm, diameter 13,4 cm. Inv.No PCP 104. 

Disk-like item, flat at the bottom, pale on the top, borders are rounded. Top is arrayed with deepened décor inserted with moon-like stamp. In this case we have only one choice – bread.  

Amphora piece of plate
Amphora piece of plate

End of IV cent. B.C. Pottery: plastics, ornamenting. Height 10,6 cm,  diameter 13,1 cm. Inv.No PCP 109.

Amphora piece of plate has a pale body, high spout and two symmetrically allocated horizontal ears. The body is figural, divided with the fillets, which begin from the bottom into four pale parts. The ears are situated in two hollows. The neck is figural too. It has four exactly-defined rounded orifices. From the top they are divided with cross-like jumper by way double eight. The borders, corolla through the perimeter are arrayed with cross dents. On the neck – belt made of the excerpts of a narrow parenthetic stamp, allocated closely in three horizontal rows which are creating zigzag like pattern. Four zigzags like strips, made in hollows with the same stamp are laying from the belt to the middle part of body.